2021 | Police Research

947/

“The Metropolitan Police stopped Black people at a rate of 593 per 100,000 population, compared with 72.9 per 100,000 population for White people. This means that in this data Black people were 8 times more likely to be searched."

945/

“Stereotyping was an issue for BAME women in the police, but it was also combined with a high degree of mockery and undermining of their position of authority in an organized and calculated way."

944/

“Due to their negative encounter, they have educated their children on how to engage with the police. This produces negative images in each of their children’s mind of law enforcement, indirectly teaching them not to trust the police. This is a broken cycle within the African American community. A cycle that will continue unless there is change within law enforcement. “

943/

“Findings from the study support previous research that has suggested that Black males are highly susceptible to racial battle fatigue and often internalize their emotions, thus causing further psychological harm to their ability to cope with daily stressors and trust members of law enforcement."

938/

“Black and Latinx population size, relative to Whites, is associated with the expected count of police-caused killing of Black and Latinx people.” & “we find no evidence that the metropolitan violent crime rate is associated with the expected count of people killed by the police."

937/

“Exposure to fatal police violence during pregnancy, especially when the victim is Black, may play a role in population-level inequities in preterm delivery."

“Native American persons were stopped nearly 9 times as frequently as White persons, and Black persons were stopped over 5 times as frequently as White persons… If searched, White men were more likely to be found with a weapon than any other group."

933/

“Police officers communicate with White and Black citi- zens in divergent ways. White men in our stimulus set experienced more friendly and respectful prosody than Black men."

932/

“The average number of poor mental health days for Black respondents was higher in weeks when two high publicity racial violence incidents occurred."

931/

“Physical force was less likely to be used against White people (2% of incidents) than against Black people (14%) or those who belonged to other minority groups (7%)"

930/

“Black adolescents have lower education expectations when they anticipate discrimination.” & “Anticipated discrimination from the police was a stronger predictor of school expectations than discrimination emanating from the school."

928/

“Due to stereotypes associating their race with criminality, Black people were most concerned about being treated negatively by police while wearing a mask [for COVID] compared to other racial groups."

927/

“Black and Hispanic individuals tend to be overrepresented among individuals shot and killed by police, in each state.” & “Black residents make up only 1.5% of Utah’s population, but comprise 9.3% of individuals shot and killed by police."

926/

“Based on the data provided and the research methods used to measure the city’s driving population, African Americans are disproportionately the subject of traffic stops.” & “The [police] department’s diversity does not reflect that of the community."

“The colder a respondent felt toward ‘Blacks,’ the lower they rated the [BLM] movement… Racial resentment was very strongly and negatively associated with favorable views of BLM—the standardized coefficient … is easily the largest in the model."

922/

“Firearms tend to be employed by people for self-protection when they are afraid or feel vulnerable.” & “For a one-unit increase in percent black police officers, the difference in the odds of firearm use between Black and White criminal offenders decreases by 78%."

921/

“The pervasive police presence found in the emergency room of an area’s safety-net hospital does not occur in a primary care doctor’s office or in a suburban urgent care clinic. Poor people and racial minorities also have less choice about accessing emergency room care."

919/

“Law enforcement spokespeople frequently publish highly misleading or sometimes false information about the people they have killed… Police cited vague ‘medical emergencies’ without disclosing that officers had caused the emergencies."

918/

Evaluations of protesters “were significantly more supportive when participants were exposed to news coverage with the debate frame than when participants were exposed to news coverage with the confrontation or riot frames. Debate-framed articles also increased the negative assessment of police behavior."

917/

“States with more police killings of unarmed black people in 2013–2018 had higher Black–White PTB [preterm birth] disparities in 2018 compared to states with fewer killings… Police killings may have spillover effects, specifically by adversely affecting the mental health of Black people."

916/

“Representation matters. Cities with majority-black city councils experience less assertive policing… White and black drivers alike are less likely to be searched after a traffic stop. While these differences affect both whites and blacks, they are more pronounced among black drivers."

“Youth were more likely to belong to the high PI-PTSS [Police-initiated post-traumatic stress symptomatology] class if they were stopped by the police three or more times, were Black, and were living below poverty or near poverty. These findings highlight the intersection of race, income, over-policing and mental health."

913/

“Participants who reported more benevolent sexism thought the suspect was more feminine, but this association was only statistically significant when the suspect was White (vs. Black). Perceived femininity, in turn, predicted perceptions the suspect felt more pain and was less blameworthy for the [police brutality] situation."

912/

“Our results suggest that among Black individuals, complaints about excessive use of force by police in the neighborhood are associated with increased odds of PTB [preterm birth], even after controlling for individual and community characteristics."

911/

“The results show that being black or Latino is associated with being frisked and experiencing force – particularly non-weapon force."

910/

“In a geographically diverse sample of BMSM [Black men who have sex with men]… police harassment was independently associated with an approximate 60% increase in the risk of distress. Further, police harassment perceived to be due to both racism and homophobia predicted even further elevations in risk of distress."

909/

“We also find substantial differences in the behavior of female officers—both relative to male officers generally and within racial and ethnic groups— with the most substantial differences pertaining to use of force. The vast majority of gendered reductions stem from a reduced focus on arresting and using force against Black civilians."

908/

“The estimated coefficient of CCI [Corruption Convictions Index] is positive and statistically significant in all estimations indicating that in corrupt states Blacks are killed by the police disproportionately. The magnitude of the effect is significant as well."

904/

“Although only 13% of the U.S. population is Black, respondents estimated, on average, that 56% of those who support ‘police reform’ were Black."

903/

“Many teachers feel that the increasing links between policing and schooling will be most harmful to racially minoritized students… The mere presence of officers can stigmatize students and schools, and feed a culture of low expectations."

902/

“New study finds ‘places with Black Lives Matter protests experience a 15% to 20% decrease in police homicides over the ensuing five years.’ Further, the effect ‘is most prominent when protests are large or frequent.'"

890/

“These initial findings establish a set of ‘warning flags’ that signify undesirable policing outcomes that, at minimum, should result in further inquiry and investigation from those tasked with holding police accountable."

“Participants of Color perceived both over-, in terms of excessive use of force, and under-policing more strongly than Whites."

880/

“The University of Chicago’s approach to improving its landscapes and making the university spaces legible and attractive to students and faculty have relied and continue to rely on tactics of racialised policing to sanitise the greater Hyde Park neighbourhood."

879/

“The ‘high crime neighborhood’ language once again deceptively suggests that the police’s program of spatial confinement and control over minority neighborhoods is really about crime interdiction. However, decades of studies have shown that ‘high crime neighborhood’ is merely a proxy for poor minority neighborhood."

“The use of tear gas as a crowd control measure during protests may possibly lead to or worsen respiratory problems, exaggerating the risk for COVID-19 infection. As mentioned, the active component of the tear gas is a chlorinated organic chemical which has the potential of causing inflammation and injury to the skin and airways."

865/

Body-worn cameras “do not significantly change the disparity between the numbers of Black and White misdemeanor arrests. This finding may imply that BWC implementation is not an effective antidote for officers' explicit racial biases in law enforcement. It may support the supposition that racial disparities in policing result from officers' implicit biases or from institutionalized racism within policing practices."

862/

“Hospitals actively participate in reporting Black women who use drugs to police or welfare agencies. In contrast to private physicians who are less likely to test their patients—patients who are more likely to be white and affluent—hospitals engage in drug testing according to criteria that are more likely to capture Black women, such as lack of prenatal care”

861/

“Participants discussed the impact of the killing on their children and the children’s subsequent reactions to law enforcement, which most often included fear, anger, and a yearning for accountability. The mistrust and fear of law enforcement were reportedly exacerbated by police actions subsequent to the killing, including invasive searches, threats toward caregivers, and lack of a proper investigation."

860/

“Knowing that the victim was unarmed is a significant predictor of the likelihood that the victim was black. Other predictors of a police shooting victim being black were a higher proportion of black residents in the Census tract, a greater number of police officers per capita in the city, and a higher overall level of black-white residential segregation in the state."

825/

“Our findings suggest that neighborhoods with higher concentrations of immigrants enjoy lower robbery and homicide rates… Cities with higher representations of African American officers had lower neighborhood violent crime rates."

46 entries found for 2021

“The Metropolitan Police stopped Black people at a rate of 593 per 100,000 population, compared with 72.9 per 100,000 population for White people. This means that in this data Black people were 8 times more likely to be searched."

“Stereotyping was an issue for BAME women in the police, but it was also combined with a high degree of mockery and undermining of their position of authority in an organized and calculated way."

“Findings from the study support previous research that has suggested that Black males are highly susceptible to racial battle fatigue and often internalize their emotions, thus causing further psychological harm to their ability to cope with daily stressors and trust members of law enforcement."

“Black and Latinx population size, relative to Whites, is associated with the expected count of police-caused killing of Black and Latinx people.” & “we find no evidence that the metropolitan violent crime rate is associated with the expected count of people killed by the police."

“Exposure to fatal police violence during pregnancy, especially when the victim is Black, may play a role in population-level inequities in preterm delivery."

“White respondents were more likely to enjoy freedom to move about the neighborhood and, importantly, to leave the neighborhood to engage in work and socialization in other communities without fear of the police and without concern that their social ties could lead to system contact."

“Native American persons were stopped nearly 9 times as frequently as White persons, and Black persons were stopped over 5 times as frequently as White persons… If searched, White men were more likely to be found with a weapon than any other group."

“Police officers communicate with White and Black citi- zens in divergent ways. White men in our stimulus set experienced more friendly and respectful prosody than Black men."

“The average number of poor mental health days for Black respondents was higher in weeks when two high publicity racial violence incidents occurred."

“Physical force was less likely to be used against White people (2% of incidents) than against Black people (14%) or those who belonged to other minority groups (7%)"

“Black adolescents have lower education expectations when they anticipate discrimination.” & “Anticipated discrimination from the police was a stronger predictor of school expectations than discrimination emanating from the school."

“Due to stereotypes associating their race with criminality, Black people were most concerned about being treated negatively by police while wearing a mask [for COVID] compared to other racial groups."

“Black and Hispanic individuals tend to be overrepresented among individuals shot and killed by police, in each state.” & “Black residents make up only 1.5% of Utah’s population, but comprise 9.3% of individuals shot and killed by police."

“Based on the data provided and the research methods used to measure the city’s driving population, African Americans are disproportionately the subject of traffic stops.” & “The [police] department’s diversity does not reflect that of the community."

“The colder a respondent felt toward ‘Blacks,’ the lower they rated the [BLM] movement… Racial resentment was very strongly and negatively associated with favorable views of BLM—the standardized coefficient … is easily the largest in the model."

“Firearms tend to be employed by people for self-protection when they are afraid or feel vulnerable.” & “For a one-unit increase in percent black police officers, the difference in the odds of firearm use between Black and White criminal offenders decreases by 78%."

“The pervasive police presence found in the emergency room of an area’s safety-net hospital does not occur in a primary care doctor’s office or in a suburban urgent care clinic. Poor people and racial minorities also have less choice about accessing emergency room care."

“Law enforcement spokespeople frequently publish highly misleading or sometimes false information about the people they have killed… Police cited vague ‘medical emergencies’ without disclosing that officers had caused the emergencies."

“States with more police killings of unarmed black people in 2013–2018 had higher Black–White PTB [preterm birth] disparities in 2018 compared to states with fewer killings… Police killings may have spillover effects, specifically by adversely affecting the mental health of Black people."

“Representation matters. Cities with majority-black city councils experience less assertive policing… White and black drivers alike are less likely to be searched after a traffic stop. While these differences affect both whites and blacks, they are more pronounced among black drivers."

A review of 16 studies of racial police bias in four countries. “Our review confirms the unfortunate and systematic presence of this social issue in different countries."

“Our results suggest that among Black individuals, complaints about excessive use of force by police in the neighborhood are associated with increased odds of PTB [preterm birth], even after controlling for individual and community characteristics."

“The results show that being black or Latino is associated with being frisked and experiencing force – particularly non-weapon force."

“The estimated coefficient of CCI [Corruption Convictions Index] is positive and statistically significant in all estimations indicating that in corrupt states Blacks are killed by the police disproportionately. The magnitude of the effect is significant as well."

“Although only 13% of the U.S. population is Black, respondents estimated, on average, that 56% of those who support ‘police reform’ were Black."

“Many teachers feel that the increasing links between policing and schooling will be most harmful to racially minoritized students… The mere presence of officers can stigmatize students and schools, and feed a culture of low expectations."

“New study finds ‘places with Black Lives Matter protests experience a 15% to 20% decrease in police homicides over the ensuing five years.’ Further, the effect ‘is most prominent when protests are large or frequent.'"

“These initial findings establish a set of ‘warning flags’ that signify undesirable policing outcomes that, at minimum, should result in further inquiry and investigation from those tasked with holding police accountable."

“The extant research highlights how … it may be the case that Blacks remain at greater risk for police intervention when not abiding by social distancing guidelines, in part, because of anti-Black stereotypes about criminality."

“Participants of Color perceived both over-, in terms of excessive use of force, and under-policing more strongly than Whites."

“The University of Chicago’s approach to improving its landscapes and making the university spaces legible and attractive to students and faculty have relied and continue to rely on tactics of racialised policing to sanitise the greater Hyde Park neighbourhood."

“For Black and White girls, police stops were negatively associated with emotional, psychological and social well-being, and the magnitude of these associations was slightly stronger for Black compared with White girls."

“Our findings suggest that neighborhoods with higher concentrations of immigrants enjoy lower robbery and homicide rates… Cities with higher representations of African American officers had lower neighborhood violent crime rates."